Endocrine Glands are,
1.
Hypothalamus
2. Pineal gland
3.
Pituitary gland
4. Thyroid gland
5. Para thyroid gland
6. Adrenal gland
7. Pancreas
8. Ovaries/ Testes
Endocrine
glands secrets their hormones directly into the bloodstream, whereas Exocrine
glands produce and secrets substances onto an epithelial surface by
way of a duct (Sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary & lacrimal gland)
Hypothalamus is a small
portion of the Brain just below the thalamus. It is the neural control centre
for all endocrine systems. Hormones are,
1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2. Dopamine
3. Growth
hormone-releasing hormone
4. Growth
hormone-inhibiting hormone
5. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
6. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
7. Vasopressin
Pineal Gland (pineal body): a small gland located at the center of the brain. Produce Melatonin (Regulates
sleep) it is also an antioxidant.
Pituitary Gland is a
small gland located at the base of the brain. Hormones released by the pituitary gland are,
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
3. Gonadotropin
(follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone)
4. Growth hormone
5. Prolactin
(Stimulate milk synthesis)
6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (Stimulate melanin synthesis)
7. Oxytocin
(Uterine contraction during delivery)
8. Vasopressin
Thyroid Gland is located in the neck just below Adam’s apple. It secretes thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
Parathyroid Glands are
totally four small glands located in the neck just behind the thyroid gland, it
secrets parathyroid hormone that maintain the calcium and phosphate level.
Pancreas is a part of the digestive organ. it is located in the abdomen cavity behind the stomach. It secrets
the most important hormone called Insulin and also the Pancreatic juice that
assists digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
Adrenal Glands are
located just above the kidneys. It secretes Adrenaline, steroid hormone
(aldosterone) and Cortisol
Testes are the
male gonads. The primary function is the production of sperm and to produce
testosterone.
Ovaries are the
female gland, the primary function is the production of egg cells (Ovum), It secrets
progesterone & estrogen hormone important for the regulation of ovulation
and menstruation.
A. Type
1 DM – Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
B. Type
II DM – Cells fails to respond to insulin
C. Gestational
DM – Pregnant women develop high blood sugar level
2. Hypoglycemia-Low
sugar level
3. Goiter- Swelling
of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland
4. Hyperthyroidism
– Excessive production of thyroid hormone
5. Hypothyroidism
- Low thyroid hormone
6. Osteoporosis- Decreased
bone density, increase the risk of fracture.
7. Osteomalacia- Softening
of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism
8. Gigantism
- Excessive growth
9. Precocious
puberty- Puberty occurring at an unusually early age
10. Cushing syndrome - A condition that occurs
from exposure to high Cortisol levels for a long time.
11. Addison’s disease - occurs when the adrenal
cortex is damaged and the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the steroid
hormones Cortisol and aldosterone.
12. Epididymitis - Inflammation of the tube at the
back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm.
13. Hydrocele - is a collection of fluid in the
scrotum.
14. Polycystic ovary syndrome - Hormonal disorder
causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
15. Hyperparathyroidism - is an increased
parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood.
16. Hypoparathyroidism - underproduction of
parathyroid hormone.
1. BMI - Body mass index
2. DM - Diabetes mellitus
3. DKA - Diabetic ketoacidosis
4. FSH - Follicle-stimulating hormone
5. TSH - Thyroid-stimulating hormone
_______________________________________