TYPES OF BONES IN THE HUMAN BODY
There are
mainly five types of bones present in the human body, they are
1. Long,
2. Short,
3. Flat,
4. Irregular, and
5. Sesamoid.
LONG BONES
- Mostly present in the appendicular skeletal.
- The long bones have two ends (Epiphysis) and
long shaft (Diaphysis).
- Outer compact bone and inner spongy
(cancellous bone) contain a medullary cavity and bone marrow.
Long Bones of the Upper Extremity / Upper Limb
1. Clavicle
2. Humerus
3. Radius
4. Ulna
5. Metatarsal
6. Phalanges
Long bones of the Lower Extremity / Lower Limb
1. Femur
2. Tibia
3. Fibula
4. Metatarsal
5. Phalanges
LONG BONES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY / UPPER LIMB
CLAVICLE (Collar's bone)
Ø The clavicle is the only long bone that lies
horizontally, between the shoulder blade and sternum.
Ø Medial end, lateral end, and shaft.
Ø Medial end articulate with sternum and lateral
end articulate with the acromion process of the scapula.
HUMERUS
Ø It is located in the arm (Brachium), between
shoulder and elbow joint.
Ø It has an upper end, lower end, and shaft.
Ø Upper end articulate with the glenoid cavity
of the scapula and lower end articulate with radius and ulna.
Important
landmarks of the humerus bone
1. Upper end
Head of the humerus
Greater and lesser tuberosity
Anatomical neck and surgical neck
Inter tubercular sulcus
2. Shaft
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove
3. Lower end
Supracondylar ridge (Medial and Lateral)
Epicondyle (medial and Lateral)
Capitulum and Trochlea
Fossa (Radial, Coronoid, and Olecranon)
RADIUS
Ø It is located in the forearm (anti-brachium)
between elbow and wrist joint.
Ø It is one of the two bones present in the lateral side of the forearm
Ø Upper end of radius articulate with the
capitulum of the humerus and lower end articulates with the carpal bone (scaphoid
and lunate).
Important landmarks of the radius bone
1. Upper end
Head of the radius
Neck
Radial tuberosity
2. Shaft
3. Lower end
Radial styloid process – lateral aspect
Ulnar notch – medial aspect
ULNA
Ø It is located in the forearm (anti-brachium)
between elbow and wrist joint.
Ø It is one of the two bones present in the medial side of the forearm
Ø Upper end of ulna articulate with the trochlea
of the humerus and lower end articulates with ulnar notch of the radius.
Important landmarks of the ulna bone
1. Upper end
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
Tuberosity of ulna
2. Shaft
3. Lower end
Head of the ulna
Ulnar styloid process
METACARPAL / METACARPUS
Ø It is located in the hand between the wrist
bones and phalanges/finger bones.
Ø Totally five bones present in each hand.
Ø Proximal base of MC bone articulate with carpals
and distal head of MC articulates with proximal phalanges.
Important landmarks of Metacarpal bone
1. Upper end / Distal head
2. Shaft
3. Lower end / Proximal
base
PHALANGES
Ø It is located in the fingers. Totally 14
bones, three bones (Proximal, middle and distal) at each finger except thumb
which has two bones (Proximal and distal phalanges).
Ø Proximal, middle and distal phalanges
articulate each other at interphalangeal joints. The base of proximal phalanges
articulates with the head of Metacarpus at the metacarpophalangeal joint.
Important landmarks of phalanges bone
1. Upper end / Distal head
2. Shaft
3. Lower end / Proximal base
LONG BONES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY / LOWER LIMB
FEMUR
Ø It is located in the thigh region, longest
bone in the human body.
Ø Proximally articulate with the acetabulum of
the pelvis (Hip joint) and distally articulate with the upper end of Tibia
(Knee joint).
Important landmarks of Metacarpal bone
1. Upper end
Head of the femur
Fovea capitis
Neck of femur
Greater Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Intertrochanteric Line
Intertrochanteric crest
2. Shaft
Linea Aspera
3. Lower end
Condyle (Lateral & Medial)
Epicondyle (Lateral & Medial)
Medial and lateral Supracondylar lines
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar surface
TIBIA
Ø It is located in the lower leg between Knee
and Ankle joint.
Ø It is one of the two bones present in the medial side of the lower leg
Ø Upper end of Tibia articulate with the
condyles of the femur and lower end articulates with Talus bone.
Important landmarks of Tibia bone
1. Upper end
Condyle (Medial and Lateral)
Tibial plateau (Articular surface)
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
2. Shaft / Shin
3. Lower end
Medial malleolus
Posterior malleolus
FIBULA
Ø It is located in the lower leg between Knee
and Ankle joint. Long thin bone.
Ø It is one of the two bones present in the
lateral side of the lower leg
Ø Upper end of Fibula articulate with the Tibia
(Tibiofibular joint) and lower end articulates with the lower end of Tibia and
talus at the ankle joint.
Important landmarks of Fibula bone
1. Upper end
- Head of the fibula
2. Shaft
3. Lower end
- Lateral malleolus
METATARSAL
Ø It is located in the foot between the Tarsal
bones and phalanges/toe bones.
Ø Totally five bones present in each foot.
Ø Proximal base of MT bone articulate with
Tarsals and distal head of MT articulate with the base of proximal phalanges.
Important landmarks of Metatarsal bone
1. Upper end / Distal head
2. Shaft
3. Lower end / Proximal base
PHALANGES
Ø It is located in the toes. Totally 14 bones,
three bones (Proximal, middle and distal) at each toe except big toe which has
two bones (Proximal and distal phalanges).
Ø Proximal, middle and distal phalanges
articulate each other at interphalangeal joints. The base of proximal phalanges
articulates with the head of Metatarsal at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
Important landmarks of phalanges bone
1. Upper end / Distal head
2. Shaft
3. Lower end / Proximal base